Marine Mammals Essay

SeaWorld offers you the chance to take care of and swim with dolphins, watch stunning whale and seal appears, pet stingrays, see a wide range of sharks, intriguing fish, thus significantly more! Be that as it may, my perspectives have as of late changed after I saw the disastrous passing of a Sea World mentor on the news; the reason for death being one of the parks own special orca whales. This awful news carried me to explore why the whale turned on its mentor and the data I discovered made me change my point of view toward creature bondage totally. In the moral discussion over marine warm blooded creatures in bondage there are many clashing perspectives. The open amusement park ventures advocate that marine warm blooded creature displays give a significant job in teaching, engaging, and protection; they don't see anything amiss with imprisonment. An expanding number of researchers counter this view and accept that creatures should thrive normally and are too astute to possibly be h eld hostage. Creature insurance bunches additionally have paid heed that these well evolved creatures in bondage create serious medical problems and ought to be in nature. There are different associations that put stock in total government assistance of these creatures, regardless of whether it is bestâ suited in imprisonment or in nature. Ultimately there are affiliations that concur with imprisonment for certain cases, just not when creatures are abused. Over all I concur that the more information we have about marine well evolved creatures, the more humanity can never really locate the most valuable alternative for explicit marine creatures. When considering sea-going parks one specifically strikes a chord for a great many people, Sea World. As per its site, â€Å"SeaWorld has gained notoriety for giving novel, very close creature experiences intended to bring in excess of 20 million visitors every year closer to natural life and the world we share† (â€Å"Sea World†). Parks like this additionally avow one of their principle objectives is to teach individuals through observing live creatures in person, for example, dolphins, whales, seals, and penguins. Marine parks far and wide, including Sea World, additionally guarantee that they fill in as a salvage and a safeguarding place for abandoned, wiped out, stranded or harmed creatures. This is in certainty valid; numerous creature lives have been spared because of the assistance of amphibian parks (SeaworldParks.com). In any case, some despite everything question if it’s legitimate to keep creatures in bondage on the off chance that they are able to liv e normally in the wild in the wake of being restored. It’s apparent that SeaWorld and other bondage parks have not just contributed enormously with sparing incalculable marineâ mammals lives, however have additionally engaged and instructed a great many individuals on marine life. However in light of the entirety of this it’s difficult for me to completely concur that imprisonment is consistently the most ideal alternative for these animals’ government assistance. It’s intense to deny that the amusement and benefit perspective from the â€Å"yearly 20 million guests† might be mediating with the prosperity of the creatures, which ought to consistently be the primary core interest. On the opposite side of the range when managing the issue of marine warm blooded animals in imprisonment, are basic entitlements activists. â€Å"There are better and progressively sympathetic methods of giving amusement and instruction to general society without yielding the government assistance of animals† states Grace Ge Gabriel, the head power behind the Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). The IFAW is a notable association that supporters sparing creature populaces from brutality and consumption. A case of their help is their crusade to end business whaling and seal chases. She and numerous others take a stand in opposition to marine warm blooded animals held in bondage (Gabriel). These activists express that the carries on with of hostage marine warm blooded creatures are devastated, individuals don't get a precise image of an animal categories from detained conditions, and the traffic in live marine well evolved creatures causes destructive effects on populaces and the anim als’ wellbeing. A prime model is the maltreatment whales suffer when their family and unit individuals are isolated from one another to be placed into imprisonment. When expelled from their regular habitat, the whales are then shipped to little walled in areas that need their families and social gatherings as well as are just a small amount of the size of their normal home range (â€Å"PETA†). In the event that life for hostage orcas and dolphins were as serene as marine parks would have us accept, the creatures would live longer than their wild partners. While hostage marine warm blooded creatures are not dependent upon predators or sea contamination, their imprisonment is in any case a capital punishment. These confined warm blooded animals create extreme medical problems from being kept to little tanks where they are compelled to perform pointless stunts for â€Å"entertainment.† According to PETA’s site, â€Å"Wild orcas can likewise live for decades â€some have been recorded to be over 90 years oldâ€but those at Sea World and other marine stops once in a while make due for more than 10 years† (peta.org). Creatures detained pass on rashly from stress and other imprisonment related causes; which is viewed as theâ main cause for the passings of creature coaches at amphibian parks, similar to the assault referenced before from Sea World. The subject of whether marine well evolved creatures should be held hostage is even said something by researchers. There have been incalculable examinations and depictions of cetaceans, or sea-going warm blooded creatures, for example, whales and dolphins, showing insightful conduct. Specialists in reasoning, preservation, and creature conduct perceive that dolphins and whales are enough insightful to legitimize indistinguishable moral contemplations from people. As per the BBC News World site, â€Å"The move was made at the yearly gathering of the American Association for the Advance ment of Science (AAAS) in Vancouver, Canada, the world’s greatest science meeting. It depends on long stretches of examination that has indicated dolphins and whales have huge, complex minds and a human-like degree of self-awareness† (http://www.bbc.co.uk). This has driven the specialists to reason that by perceiving these animals’ rights would fill in as an impetus to closure whaling and bondage of these mindful animals. Not at all like the perspectives on creature show businesses who embrace imprisonment, or basic entitlements activists and researchers whom advocate against it, there are a few affiliations that appear to be progressively nonpartisan towards creature constrainment. These associations go about as a center ground, where their unadulterated plan is to advance creature prosperity; regardless of whether that might be in bondage or in their regular habitat. These gatherings see explicit instances of various marine warm blooded creature species independently and choose where that creature is bound to flourish. The Seal Conservation Society (SCS) is a tremendous representation of a general public who is unbiased to the idea of imprisonment; their fundamental spotlight being on preservation and government assistance. They see the two sides of imprisonment on their site. From the outset addressing imprisonment they ask, â€Å"Do the advantages to people from the animalndisplay business legiti mize the animals’ repression and stress related with the unnatural condition? The inquiry stays for every single marine warm blooded creature whether bondage is defended for amusement, instructive or protection purposes.† Then countering those musings as indicated by the site, â€Å"A further avocation for hostage pinnipeds to be considered is the exploration estimation of hostage examines where the examination plainly increasesâ our comprehension and energy about pinniped species, this advantage must be considered with regards to the government assistance and prosperity of the creatures in question. Our general public would will in general help those offices where the animals’ long haul and government assistance is a priority† (pinnipeds.org). These unbiased associations show up outstandingly more accommodating than the other radical view focuses; rather than supporting what they have faith in they can concentrate more on the particular creature and not their motivation. In correspondence to the past associations referenced, there are comparable affiliations that advance creature prosperity yet in addition bolster bondage if it’s important. These gatherings are marine well evolved creature salvage focuses that embrace imprisonment alongside non-execution openings. The Marine Mammal Center is an association that accepts creatures shouldn’t be mishandled in bondage by being compelled to perform unnatural stunts, yet accept imprisonment ought to be permitted if the creature can't make due all alone in the wild (â€Å"Marine Mammal Center†). These foundations don’t consider imprisonment to be the foe, yet rather see oceanic amusement parks and diversion business that keep creatures for an inappropriate motivations to be improper. Their site prevailed upon me when it expressed, â€Å"What we do is more than kind-hearted thought for the prosperity of other living animals. We perceive the key relationship that ties people, creatures, and the ocean† (â€Å"Marine Mammal Center†). The inquiry if marine warm blooded animals ought to be kept in imprisonment is difficult to reply. By and by, I accept that in our current society there are more earnest issues than entertaining crowds by misusing such canny and exposed creatures. We have a moral and basic duty to consider species that might be adversely affected by our activities. This incorporates a ton of animal groups, and cetaceans are no exemption. These marine warm blooded creatures ought to remain where they advanced and flourished and we should ensure that their privileges are secured with the goal that they can continue living there.

The Plight of Genetically Engineered Food Essay -- Analysis, Ronald an

I was one of those individuals who accepted that there was something concoction or fake about hereditary building. To be very fair, I had never truly pondered the procedure of GE and I imagine that is the issue with the normal shopper. In the wake of perusing the book Tomorrow’s Table by Pamela C. Ronald and Raoul W. Adamchak, I understood exactly how far my observation was from reality. Hereditary building is legitimately identified with natural cultivating, which endeavors to make progressively nutritious, better tasting food without the utilization of synthetic substances. The book portrays natural cultivating as â€Å"better cultivating through biology† using living being (Ronald and Adamchak, 13). The generally acknowledged technique for cultivating in the US includes utilizing synthetic substances like pesticides and composts. It is weird to believe that we, as a general public, have gotten so familiar with expending nourishments presented to pesticides, yet many are reluctant to eat GE nourishments. Hereditary building has been utilized for more than thirty years with no proof of hurting anybody. More than one billion sections of land of GE crops have been developed and dispersed all through the world without a solitary authentic instance of wellbeing hazard (Ronald and Adamchack, 52). This is as opposed to pesticides, again a broadly acknowledged nearness in cultivating, which is accepted to harm (and some of the time kill) a few thousand individuals every year, yet, for the most part ranchers who have a more straightforward introduction (Ronald and Adamchak, 87). It is disrupting how little consideration is paid to a compound nearness which has been archived to hurt, though hereditary designing, a natural procedure is dreaded and unjustifiably judged. I am certain this exceptional outcome is because of how little the normal individual comprehends about hereditary building of food, and the manner in which it has been pres... ... individuals; the correct individuals, with the goal that it can accomplish the most useful for the biggest measure of individuals. Without legitimate government inclusion and execution to guarantee ranchers and purchasers advantage, the improvement of such innovation has little use (Ronald and Adamchak, 150). This innovation should be aimed at the open great, and not private interests of companies. Tomorrow’s Table helped me comprehend a great deal about hereditary building that I didn't beforehand. I figure this book would be a great asset for the individuals who are unconscious of the procedure and about GE nourishments. I believe that by and large, in light of what I have perused, GE innovation is a positive instrument that can help fathom or possibly reduce a considerable lot of the issues we will look in the coming fifty years and past. This is cultivating for the following period of our general public and I believe is essential with the goal for it to flourish.

Forensic Botany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measurable Botany - Essay Example There are issues of explicitness, profile multifaceted nature, and reproducibility that lead to the dismissal of organic proof in courts. In addition, a higher number of tests, meaning the criticalness for examination to yield quality and amount have frequently yielded poor DNA making investigation less powerful (Hall, Byrd, and Wiley InterScience, 2012). These variables for the most part present new difficulties in the ID of proof in scientific herbal science. Researchers have recognized the way that the vast majority of the proof comes in blended extents, confusing the investigation procedure. Along these lines, this uplifts the need to create procedures that have the capability of sifting through the blended examples to introduce explicit proof. Such viable strategies will assist examiners with depending on organic proof that is liable to being disposed of in the present days. The advancement of various strategies utilized in DNA profiling has served to lay a desire for the chance of better methodologies of ID that yield proof that is trustworthy in courts. Clearly, a powerful DNA examination strategy for use in criminological herbal science must meet certain prerequisites. The methodology must have the capability of building up particular contrasts between singular species independent of a high relationship. Also, it ought to have the ability to deal with strong measures of tests (Bock, and Norris, 2008). An extra prerequisite of huge criticality is the way that the procedure must show the capability of emphatically examining debased plant materials. In spite of the fact that researchers have gained ground in creating devices with the ability to fulfill the above depicted necessities, just a couple of the created methods have the capability of meeting all the... The improvement of various procedures utilized in DNA profiling has served to lay a desire for the chance of better ways to deal with distinguishing proof that yield proof that is reliable in courts. Clearly, a successful DNA examination method for use in scientific plant science must meet certain necessities. The methodology must have the capability of setting up unmistakable contrasts between singular species regardless of a high relationship. In addition, it ought to have the ability to deal with powerful measures of tests. An extra prerequisite of tremendous criticality is the way that the strategy must display the capability of decidedly breaking down corrupted plant materials. In spite of the fact that researchers have gained ground in creating devices with the ability to fulfill the above-portrayed prerequisites, just a couple of the created methods have the capability of meeting all the necessities. In any case, the short pair rehashes (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphis ms (SNPs). In addition, bar coding has developed for better examination in the future.Specialists are normally extremely sharp in ensuring that assortment of tests keeps a standard strategy. The assortment is a basic advance in light of the fact that the seizure of the examples of intrigue happens now. Preceding the assortment of the planned examples, there is a requirement for an authority to set out on a powerful acknowledgment technique, before assortment of the example exact acknowledgment fills in as the underlying advance in the reliance of measurable herbal science in recognizing any kind of wrongdoing.

Children Rights for Education

In John Holts paper, â€Å"Freedom for Children† he talks about how youngsters ought to have their own entitlement to choose how a lot, when, and what to learn. Holt states that by taking children†s option to learn, we are removing a basic right from them. He likewise expresses that, to grown-ups, the option to choose what does and doesn't intrigue us is underestimated and that we are accidentally removing this privilege from kids. Holt likewise expresses that by sending kids to class six hours every day, 180 days per year, for around 10 years we are constraining them. Holt reasons that youngsters are done learning, yet rather are encouraged what grown-ups figure they should know. I for one can't help contradicting Holts on this issue. In the event that youngsters reserved the option to control their instruction, what might prevent them from going or learning things that could be harming to society? I feel the have a lot of rights all things considered. Youngsters today have numerous rights as of now in the field of instruction. In grade school, nobody constrains them to quit learning. They can generally decide to encourage their instruction, by perusing maybe. In secondary school, there are an assortment of classes an understudy can browse. Every one of these classes can be chosen to fit an individual understudy. Classes running from craftsmanship and dramatization as far as possible up to cutting edge arrangement material science are at the removal of the individuals who need to learn. Nobody powers youngsters to take these classes. Understudies take these classes willingly. Once in school, an understudy has the option to pick whatever significant they feel fit to be in. On the off chance that they don†t like that major, they can generally transform it. What might occur if understudies were permitted to come and go however they see fit? Very regularly, understudies could never go to class. They would mishandle their privilege and go through their days having a fabulous time. I have by and by observed companions leave school since they don†t need to be there. On the off chance that they didn†t must be there they would not have come in any case. There are sure things that understudies should know. Essential math and English aptitudes are required jus to get by in today†s society. In the event that these essential aptitudes are rarely learned, we hazard having an immature society loaded with uneducated individuals. Our reality would truly disintegrate on the grounds that we run the opportunity of individuals not knowing anything. Constraining what youngsters realize today isn't the manner in which we need to have them grow up. On the off chance that we did that, we would have them grow up with a characteristic propensity to realize what is hurtful or wrong to society. What we are attempting to do is control them throughout everyday life so what they can settle on the correct choices throughout everyday life. Presenting them to what is directly on the planet will assist them with opening up to new chances and encounters. As should be obvious, we are not restricting on what an individual can realize, however just shielding that individual from mishandling it. Such a large number of things can turn out badly if an individual were permitted to assume responsibility for their own training. Misuse and disregard are just a couple of conceivable outcomes. The manner in which training is presently was intended to be the best for those willing and in any event, reluctant to learn. Those willing can get the best instruction their psyche can give them. The reluctant get the nuts and bolts and don†t become a weight on society. Holts† thought of unhindered learning might be an optimistic one, however at long last there are an excessive number of imperfections and escape clauses. Instruction like that could be social orders destruction when our framework is very proficient at this point.

UCCS personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UCCS - Personal Statement Example Additionally, it will be a fantasy works out as expected if my decision of transporter can be satisfied. Clearly, since adolescence, I have consistently had this desire to seek after sustenance since I accept great wellbeing relies upon what an individual devours inside the body. Obviously, scholar accepts with the correct eating routine and exercise, one’s wellbeing will never turn out badly and drugs will be a secret never to be revealed. Moreover, I am an individual with a decent heart to help other people. Furthermore, I accept with the correct preparing in a decent establishment I can affect others decidedly and thus add somewhere in the range of scarcely any days to different people’s lives. Also, I am profoundly worried that Be that as it may, I effectively very much educated on what a fair eating routine involves. In reality, proteins, nutrients and sugars establish the fundamental parts to a solid eating routine. Despite what might be expected, it’s not diet just that adds to one’s great wellbeing. Another relevant regiment towards impeccable wellbeing is customary physical exercise. Moreover, my motivation towards contemplating nourishment is to complicatedly fathom what great wellbeing implies genuinely and profoundly towards the all encompassing prosperity of a person, An ideal model is the wellbeing guidance relating to water treatment where one needs to take like eight glasses per day. Obviously, this measure of water is demonstrated to fix sicknesses like cerebral pains, influenza and tiredness and forestall a lot more infections. Subsequently, in my undertaking to turn into a nutritionist I will be capable comprehend the method of reasoning behind such wellbeing treatments. All in all, I might want to unassumingly advance for you to consider my solicitation to join your foundation of higher realizing so that I can accomplish my lifetime objective of participating in the sustenance field. Plainly, I have an enthusiasm to in this field and will truly acknowledge whether the products of my hard work in training at long last result. It is my most extreme

Fort Lauderdale

Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale lô ´d?rdal [key], residential, commercial, and resort city (1990 pop. 149,377), seat of Broward co., SE Fla., on the Atlantic coast; settled around a fort built (c.1837) in the Seminole War , inc. 1911. On the New River and a navigable canal to Lake Okeechobee , the city is interwoven with more than 270 mi (435 km) of natural and artificial waterways. It has one of the largest marinas in the world and one of the most popular beaches in the country; tourism and recreation are economic mainstays. The city's manufactures include boats and yachts, and there is a wide variety of small businesses. A large retired community is there. Among Fort Lauderdale institutions are the Broward Center for the Performing Arts, the Museum of Art, the Museum of Discovery and Science, Nova Southeastern Univ., and a campus of Florida Metropolitan Univ. Nearby Port Everglades is a major artificial port with heavy passenger and freight traffic. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

How to Answer the 3 Types of College Essays

There are three main types of college application essay prompts. Let’s take a look at each type and strategize how you should tackle each one. Essay Prompt Type #1: â€Å"Why choose [insert name of school here]?† Here’s an example of this school specific essay type: â€Å"How will you explore your intellectual and academic interests at the University of Pennsylvania? Please answer this question given the specific undergraduate school to which you are applying.† University of Pennsylvania You’ll usually see this essay type as a supplemental essay. This essay type is kind of like dating. Imagine you’re on a date and your date asks you, â€Å"What do you like about me?† Aaaaaand, you say this: â€Å"Uhh†¦ you’re pretty.† That’s not a good answer. You need to get a little more specific than that. This answer is kind of like telling your prospective university that you’re applying to their school because you like the psychology department. That’s it. So, umm, why do you like the psychology department? Tell them your reasons. Is there research at the psychology department you’re interested in? Is there a class that excites you? To successfully answer this question type, write about your interests and passions. Then, tie your interests back to the opportunities available at the prospective university. 2. Essay Prompt Type #2: â€Å"Creative and a little wacky† Here’s an example of this creative essay type: â€Å"Were pH an expression of personality, what would be your pH and why? (Feel free to respond acidly! Do not be neutral, for that is base!)† – University of Chicago Ooooh. University of Chicago’s Uncommon Questions are very notorious. These essay prompts are a little weird, and they trip up a lot of students. These essay prompts test to see how you think and navigate through a situation you’re not used to. They do this because in college, your classes will constantly push you to think through questions and issues that you’ve never encountered. Your thoughts and ideas in your essay indicate the talents that you could bring to the table to your prospective university. To master the creative type of essay, the bottom line is this: Prioritize your ideas and the content of your essay first and worry about the creative factor later. Here’s the thing: Writing in a creative way does give your essay a sizzle factor that could be memorable. if done well. However, with these essay types, students focus too much on the sizzle before the actual content. When you tackle these essay types, worry about the content first. 3. Essay Prompt Type #3: â€Å"Tell us more about yourself† Here’s an example of this essay type: â€Å"The lessons we take from failure can be fundamental to later success. Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn from the experience?† – The Common Application These essay prompt types are absolutely critical in the admissions decision. Actually, all The Common Applications are of this type. This question type gives the admissions committee a chance to learn more about you, and puts a face and personality to the application process. These essay prompts are very you-centric; therefore, it’s the perfect place to slip in a memorable anecdote with you as the star. The rest of this free guideline will delve into the details and strategies of how to attack this question type in greater detail.

How Alcoholism Affects Our Society Today - 2012 Words

How Alcoholism Affects Our Society Today As a society everyone of us often feels the need to fit in with others and fall into a common group. Often everybody falls into peer pressure because we see it as if there doing it I should to. Or the feel of need to forget about our problems sometimes we make irresponsible choices. That is why in today’s society alcohol plays such a big role part in our life’s. Alcohol is a drug which we use at any age and any ethnic backgrounds, and that has serious effects on our family’s but not many of us realize this. Alcoholism is often considered as a medical disease, but its better treated as a psychological dysfunction. Alcohol today is America’s number-one drug problem. According to authors Dale B.†¦show more content†¦So many parents don’t realize the high percents there child/teenager could be having from a possible alcohol addiction. How much do people drink you may ask? Well research has proven in the book Focus On Health how much people drink, â€Å"current use is defined as at least one drink in the past 30 days†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦over half of Americans ages 12 and over 126 million people reported being current drinkers in the 2007 survey† (Hahn et.al 176). As we all can see drinking can start at a very innocent young age. That is why I think more parents today have to be more involved with their child’s/teenagers surroundings. If we prevent more children/teenagers from drinking at a young age we will have less social issues; and they are probably less likely to get an addiction to alcoholism. How much damage can alcohol cause such as car accidents, crimes, violence, and suicides ? Well according to Focus On Health they have proven, â€Å"the four leading causes of accidental deaths in the U.S are motor vehicle collisions, falls, drowning, and fires and burns, these have the significant statistical connections to alcohol use† (Hahn et.al 180). 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About 20 million people in the UnitedRead MoreAlcoholism in the 21st Century1743 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism in the 21st Century The dictionary describes alcoholism as continued excessive or compulsive use of alcoholic drinks. However, this disease is much more complex. Alcohol abuse is a growing problem in the United States today, causing more and more deaths each year. It affects nearly everyone in the U.S. today, either directly or indirectly. Over half of Americans have at least one close relative that has a drinking problem. About 20 million people in the United States abuse alcoholRead MoreAlcoholism : A Social Issue Aspect1535 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism in a social issue aspect 1. Introduction In todays society there has been a huge controversial issue, on college campuses specifically, about drinking. Administrators, staff, volunteers, and even students have attempted to reduce the amount of usage of the consumption of alcohol or stop it once and for all. 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Organizational Culture And Its Cultural Culture - 1144 Words

To greet each other in Tibet, you stick out your tongue and put your hands together in front of your chest. In Japan, it is only polite if you bow to each other when greeting. There are hundreds of different ethnic groups in the world and they all have their own customs and traditions that stemmed out from their underlying culture. Similar to these ethnic groups, each organization also have their own unique culture that guides how people behave and what people believe in within the organization. In formal terms, organizational culture is â€Å"the set of values, norms, guiding beliefs, and understandings that is shared by members of an organization and is taught to new members.† [p.332; Organization theory Design; Daft, Armstrong] Put it in simple terms, it is basically how the employees in a company are expected to behave and go about their daily business. Organizational culture can be observed in visible artifacts and employee behaviors such as symbols, slogan, the way people talk, the way people dress, and even the atmosphere at the workplace. These visible artifacts and observable behaviors reflects the deeper values and beliefs of each member of the organization which in turn represents the true culture. I have the privilege to be working for TD Canada Trust for the past two years and this is an organization that oozes the word â€Å"culture†. First thing you learn at training (rite of passage) is the logo (green armchair) and the slogan (Banking can be t his comfortable) ofShow MoreRelatedCultural Culture, Occupational, And Organizational Cultures1219 Words   |  5 Pages(Ch.2) It was while reading the introduction of this chapter that the realization hit me that ‘Culture’ governs every walk of our life. Right from what we wear and what we speak, to what we perceive as beautiful (or ugly), how we behave differently with different people, our idea of right and wrong – everything is part of our culture, which has been handed down to us as accepted from our past generations. This has been very beautifully explained in the first two pages of the chapter. I particularlyRead MoreThe Cultural Aspects Of Organizational Culture1739 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Culture The Organizational Culture Theory analyzes the various cultural aspects of organizations, most notably the five metaphorical performances, the seven cultural markers, and the notion of culture being something an organization is versus culture being something an organization has. The five metaphorical performances are ritual, passion, sociality, politics, and enculturation. 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This document will discuss cultural assessment tools used in assessing organizational culture and gaps within formal groups, leadership styles and techniquesRead MoreDiscussing Cultural Assessment Tools For Organizational Culture And Diversity1027 Words   |  5 Pagesacross Cultures July 13, 2016 Corporate Culture Diversity in the Global Workplace All global organizations must merge diverse workgroups into cohesive, high performance global teams in order to adapt to environmental changes. This document will discuss cultural assessment tools used in assessing organizational culture and gaps within formal groups, leadership styles and techniques that influence social culture and diversity within formal workgroups, description of social culture thatRead MoreOrganizational Diversity And Cultural Diversity1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe hindrance of cultural struggles that encompass aspects of career growth may be the main reason there are different levels of organizational workforce satisfaction. Even though women have a much greater likelihood of leaving their position, current organization, the organizational cultural differences build high turnover rates. The cultural obstacles preventing occupational development and growth are the prime accounts used when women of all ages are dissatisfied and leaving a position (CoxRead More The Organizational Structure Of General Electric ( Ge ) Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesInternational business management A discussion of the organizational structure of General Electric (GE) Introduction GE is an American multinational conglomerate which deals in industries like aviation, oil and gas, power and water, health care and capital, to mention a few. The company has a matrix organizational structure, which is characterized by the organization of the company according to multiple metrics. In the case of GE, the structure is matrix in that it combines a functional structureRead MoreThe Role Of Organizational Leadership And Human Resource Professionals1342 Words   |  6 Pagesproactive strategy to unify two organization’s unique and beneficial culture elements during a merger. According to Cartwright Cooper (1993), â€Å"cultural incompatibility is†¦a cause for poor merger performance. Rather than integrating, the two cultures collided, which†¦resulted in low morale, poor work quality, and declining financial performance...† This paper will focus on the challenges of mergers; discuss the roles of organizational leadership and Human Resource profes sionals. Additionally, thisRead MoreRole Of Hrm Over The Period Of Time1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe report is an amalgamation of three patches of which, first, is a journal review of two human resources related articles: â€Å"Extending the Scope of Organisational Culture: the External Perception or an Internal Phenomenon† (MacIntosh and Doherty, 2007) and â€Å"Organisational Culture: An exploratory study comparing faculties’ perspectives within public and private universities in Malaysia† (Ramachandran, Ching and Ismail, 2010). 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This article works on the premise that organizations must adopt a change philosophy including â€Å"transformational leadership, organizational culture, and organizational innovation† (Sarros, Cooper, Santora, 2011). This is an area which has had little attention, despite the assertion that these are important aspects required to create a change strategy. This article

West Jest vs Air Canada Essay - 1203 Words

How serious is the threat from conventional airlines that want to imitate the westjet culture? What does it take to imitate organizational culture? Can Air Canada compete against westjet’s employee productivity and its relationship with its employees? Ever since its establishment in 1996, WestJet has aimed to operate as a low-cost carrier while employing non-unionized members in a unique organizational culture. In its simplest form this unique organizational culture can be labeled as a labor managed firm. In a labor managed firm employees are owners, and they are affected by the company’s performance through profit sharing. Then it should not be surprising that in labor managed firms, the employees can voice their opinions and actually†¦show more content†¦A labor force in its most basic form, through profit maximizing practices, must be minimized, due to the cost associated with it, in order to drive up profit. And it is because of this outlook that WestJet has managed to outperform their competition, for example Air Canada. This theory is in sync with the findings of Jeffery Pfeffer in his 1995 paper â€Å"Producing sustainable competitive advantage through the effective management of people.† As described above, the organizational culture, the foundation of WestJet’s success, is heavily weighted on its people. Where as the competition, sees the workforce as a cost and aims to minimize it, WestJet looks at their work force as an asset and an investment. Conventional airlines run their business as any other company. They look out for the shareholder’s best interest and do not pay the slightest attention to their workforce. In WestJet’s culture, the workforce consists of the shareholders due to profit-sharing and co-operative environment. By nature capital managed firms will have a hard time converting to labor managed firm. They will have to change a lot of rules and regulations that governs their everyday operations. They will face a large number of opposition by their shareholders. According to Fernandez Guadano (2009) even if they do manage to adopt similar practices as labor managed firms, they will never be able to achieve the same rate of employe e ownership and profit-sharing as their counterparts,Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand the impact of human endeavors on the environment in previous epochs, Tucker focuses on how the exponential increase in human reliance on fossil fuel energy sources over the course of the long twentieth century has degraded the land, water, and air of the planetary environment. From multinational corporations to impoverished peasants burning away the rain forest for land to plant their crops or pasture their cattle, he seeks to identify the specific agents responsible for both pollution and

Ethics Of The Chief Of Police - 1360 Words

Smallville is in need of the chief of police that will lead the officers in matters of diversity and equality. While coming up with a policy that addresses generalizations that are harmful and counterproductive, there is a need for police departments and politicians to recognize the need for ethical application of various criminal behaviors that may encumber police officers and that can wreck harm unnecessary harm to the other public sectors. Personally, I am against any exercise of negative stereotype as a foundation for policing because it is unethical and illegal and a police department that practices such need not to be born. I believe it is something noble about someone that has been thinking positively about police department activities and is not afraid to grapple with such issues to paper and try to work them out with a focus. Potentially, there is a demand to hold internal training programs with no added cost; senior officer will be asked to teach a course on how an officer can deal with situations whenever faced with conditions that are life endangering. The US Department offers a program that is targeted at law enforcement. We will establish our own internally to supply officers with the power to distinguish effectively the role of the protestor devices or the individual under arrest, ability to discuss optimally the fundamental legal issues that are linked up with arrests and further be able to outline responsibilities that each officer at the scene ought toShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice: Ethics and Integrity676 Words   |  3 PagesEthics and integrity are important to a police chief or county sheriff in a number of ways. First, ethics and integrity assist a police chief or a county sheriff to recruit the best officers who can work in their departments. It is only through application of the principles of ethics and integrity that a police chief or a county sheriff can identify these qualities in the potential applicants, and use them in the rec ruitment process. Second, ethics and integrity are important to a police chief orRead MoreShould A Police Officer Conduct Affected His Job?981 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people do something that they know is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or they think nobody would ever find out. For instance, cheating on a test is wrong, but people do it because they think they can get away without the professor finding out. There was a case where a police officer conduct affected his job.Read MoreEssay about Analysis of Gotta Love893 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Analysis of Gotta Love Those Bread Butter Unions† Originally Written by P. Nelson The ethics triangle is a model to follow to help militate against unethical decision-making. If Mayor Burns used this model it might have helped him make better decisions. When there is no moral discernment of what is right or wrong, a public official or administrator needs to analyze the situation carefully. However, in the following case study this does not appear to be something Mayor Burns practicedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Police Officers967 Words   |  4 PagesPolice officers not only have to follow a set of rules and legislation, but they also must behave in a decent manner while on duty as well as off duty. Unfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people know something they do is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or it they think nobody will ever find out. For instance, cheating on a test is wrong, butRead MoreReplacin g the Police Chief Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesCase 1 Replacing the Police Chief This case study examines the predicament of a city manager Will Spanning whose selection of a most experienced and qualified replacement for the chief of police faced stern opposition by a majority of an agenda-seeking city council who had the power to confirm or reject the appointment. Question 1: What were the advantages and risks involved in pursuing Spanning’s recruitment plan? Spanning’s recruitment plan was a thoroughRead MoreCode of Ethics Violations Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesCode of Ethics Violation It is not uncommon to find some type of corruption within law enforcement agencies if you dig deep enough. However, once discovered there must be a disciplinary measure that is taken to prevent further corruption. Ethical complaints can be filed by following the appropriate processes and procedures. Although policies vary from department to department, there is a specific code of ethics that each department functions by following. The Benton Harbor Police DepartmentRead MoreMoral Ethics1041 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal justice ethics, organizational culture may influence the level at which ethics would be applied. Additionally, when handling matters of police misconduct, ethics are likely to be compromised. This assertion is due to some organizational cultural practices practiced by most police departments. For instance, when dealing with misconduct within the police department, the most preferred means used are legal means. The other alternative to use in addressing the issues of police misconduct isRead MoreEssay about Police Professionalism and Responsibility1363 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 1920s and 1930s. Police departments continued to move towards a more professional model as a result of various reform efforts. During the decades of the 1920s and 1930s two significant events occurred that helped orchestrate a move towards law enforcement. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often called the Volstead Act and the Great Depression which lead to a massive crime wave (Gaines amp; Kappeler, 2008, p. 195). Prior to t Volstead Act police officers allowed publicRead MoreThe Unwritten Code1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe Unwritten Code The Police â€Å"Code of Silence† is an unspoken rule among many police agencies in the country. It is a code of â€Å"honor† in the police brotherhood where giving information about another police officers wrongdoings is considered an act of betrayal. Other terms for the code include: â€Å"The Thin Blue Line,† and â€Å"The Wall of Silence.† Police academies across the nation are close-knit communities of law enforcement. From the first day on the job to the last, every officer is supposed to countRead MorePolice Corruption: Time to Get Rid of Crooked Cops Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Police throughout the United States have been caught fabricating, planting, and manipulating evidence to obtain convictions where cases would otherwise be very weak. Some authorities regard police perjury as so rampant that it can be considered a subcultural norm rather than an individual aberration of police officers. Large-scale investigations of police units in almost every major American city have documented massive evidence of tampering, abuse of the arresting power, and discriminatory enforcement

Learning Programs in the American Express Learning Network Free Essays

Background American Express is very large, world-wide company, which originally started as freight forwarding and delivery services. Now with the main focus being on financial services they want to train their employees with the knowledge to be efficient, knowledgeable, with good listening and speaking skills. Jeanette Harrison, a vice president at American Express, feels that compliance and control should be very important for customer care. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Programs in the American Express Learning Network or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today American Express is the largest card issuer by purchase volume. Issued Addressed American Express developed American Express Learning Network (AELN), whose main purpose is to address the performance capabilities of their employees. With a mission statement of â€Å"ready all those who serve† the company AmEx’s main goal is to teach with their employees effective jobs skills with the best possible learning method. There were three learning techniques the company tried. The first being a completely online based, the second being classroom, the third a â€Å"blended† technique which was a combination of the first two. Janette’s personal learning theory and goal-setting theory is â€Å"learning literally changes lives†. She feels that education is the key to success and that if would help not only in work place but at home and in the community. Analysis of Issues Everyone has there on learning styles. So, it is no surprise that technique number three, â€Å"blended† learning, worked the best overall. It gave the most diverse style of learning. There was not one main style. The classroom style was incorporated with the encouragement of question asking and brainstorming and also online tools were also used to help teach as well. With all the different types of learning utilized the employees will get to see the information in many different ways and would most likely have a higher attention rate. The three styles were evaluated at six different levels to see which was most effective. The first level testing reaction from the learner, the second was the retention of the knowledge, the third was the behavior towards improved learning skills, the fourth was how it impacted the company, the fifth was the cost effectiveness of the learning style, and the sixth the application of the information into the actual job. Conclusions The â€Å"blended learning† I feel is the best method. And it holds strong to Jeanettes learning and goal-setting theories. When the results came in on the three techniques the third scored or rated the best hands down. The company feels it has the upper hand in the leadership development program. The blue box values set by the company are a true testament to what the company wanted to achieve with the AELN program: customer commitment, quality, integrity, teamwork, respect for people, good citizenship, a will to win, and personal accountability. The three operating principals also hold strong to the values Jeanette believes in and wanted to achieve with the American Express Learning Network program. One the principals being to offer superior propositions to all of their customers, another being to operate with best in class economics, and last to be support American Express brand. References http://about. americanexpress. com/oc/whoweare/ How to cite Learning Programs in the American Express Learning Network, Essays

Professional Skills for Workplace Success Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Professional-Skills For Workplace Success. Answer: Introduction Through this assignment, I will be reflecting on the life skills and the way an individual can find out his or her own self through diverse areas like positive human relations and professionalism. This essay will also look at whether these can have an effect on the academic, personal and career success. In todays time, everyone is moving in such a fast speed that life can be very much stressful. Therefore it is significant to have a hold on the skills of life so that they can be helpful in all the stages of life. It is also significant to know the precise behaviours in diverse situations like in the workplace. This essay will explore that how these life skills can have profound influence on the performance of the company and how people recognize the organizations from the behaviour of its employees. I feel it is very much crucial to realize that one treats a person just as he or she wants to be treated by the other person. Therefore I will also try to discover the relation between pe rsonal branding and confidence. It is very much significant to have a certain aim in life, may be small or big, but this can help you to improve and progress further in life. Also this essay will analyse that how important that is in the modern day life style. We need to prioritise few aspects of life so that further planning and time management can be prioritised for reaching goals. Discussion Different personalities have diverse attitudes, values and the power of reciprocation in a certain situation. Depending on these attitude and individual personalities of the employees there can be a negative or a positive impact on the performance of the company. The behaviour of the employers are significant for the reputation of the company as sit leaves a huge impact, bad or good, on their minds. Also, it is important to treat a client with extreme professionalism, as that reflects on them. For instance, if someone is not treated well, it is significant to speak up and ask for any help if necessary. For that reason, one must understand his or her own personality so that it helps to develop connection and friendship with others. This also lets an individual to respond in a negative or positive situation. The positive interactions with the people in their workplace have a tendency to lead towards positive productivity. Such life skills may include numerous numbers of things such as creative or critical thinking, problem solving, decision making and other interpersonal relationship. Each one of us face some kind of challenges in their life and the way they have managed those problems may influence their life in a negative or positive manner. Therefore it is crucial that we deliver an effectual communication to our friends, colleagues or family members, no matter how the present situation is. According to the research of Ellen Galinsky, author of Mind in the Making, seven necessary skills are required in humans so that they can keep on developing and learning new things throughout their life. Having such skills can help them to progress within the lifetime and achieve things through studying or career, and help the life grow in general. Those skills are: Focus and Self Control Perspective Talking Communicating Making Connections Critical Thinking Taking on Challenges Self Directed, Engaged learning The way a person sees his or herself and the manner they think about their own selves has a specific impact on the individual behaviours. Some people seems to be self-conscious and worry about what other people think about them, therefore they do not feel much confidents about their own selves. All of us have a personal brand of their own selves whether they like it or not, but it is entirely perceived though their appearance and attitude, values, dress sense, skills and other knowledge. Individual attitudes determine the impact an individual have on other people. In fact, some individuals have some kind of impact on our lives and we cannot avoid those people, but it is entirely our own choices that how we want to spend our time and whether can surround ourselves with positive minded people. If someone has a negative experience with a particular person, that can influence their behaviour which may lead to being hurt or depressed. Therefore, it is suggested that it is better to face s uch issues and deal with them, so that the individual can move on with their life and let the negativity go. For instance, in a group task, if your colleagues are not participating as much they require to, you should address such issues to have an immediate outcome out of that situation. In order to have success in the individual life, it is important to set specific goals. Goals let an individual to have a focus in their lives makes a pathway of whatever they want to achieve. When someone is fixing their goals, they need to consider few things, such as, what exactly they want to achieve, what will be the way of accomplishing that, the time, these are generally known as the smart goal according to (Segal, Chipman and Glaser 2014). If someone is making a plan for their further education and need certain degree, these smart goals help the individual to plan out the whole thing and guide. Therefore it is entirely on you, how you want to prioritize their life and organize till that certain goal is accomplished. A life plan can be chalked out from what you want to become in your life like the academic plan and career, finances and the societal aspects of the future life. Personal life and the performance at the workplaces can be affected by stress. Influence if stress can generate different kinds of emotions. It can be said that our body reacts at the form of stress while in a difficult situation. Therefore with being organized, it is significant to have a balanced diet and exercising on a daily basis. There can be both negative and positive kinds of stress. While positive stress can be helpful in complete a job within the given time frame, negative stress can make the person illogical and emotional. Sometimes it can turn into anger or distrust, depression or fatigue. However, there are different processes to cope up with the stress challenges. At first, an individual should find out the primary reason of the stress and their reaction towards stress. Therefore it is important to set individual goals and try to be responsive towards stress challenges in a positive manner. In fact it would be a good idea to stay away from alcohol, when someone is in st ress. One should try to have sufficient sleep as most of the time people are sleep deprived while in stress, and that can be harmful for the health. This can also lead to the chronic health issues and have a chance to influence the lifestyles negatively. While sleeping the body gets sufficient time to repair both mentally and physically, therefore not getting enough sleep will not let the body function in a proper way. In order to lead a balanced professional and personal life, organizational skills are a vital skill. A well organized life will have a positive influence on their life that optimises the individual performance and help to organize life that leads to a huge reduction in the stress. There are several ways that can be helpful while keeping an organized life, such as, electronic devises, address books, diary, to do list etc. Individuals are mostly asked not to keep any mess in their lives, especially in work life, as it can act as the biggest distraction. Individuals are advised to keep a prearranged desk and manage the important files to keep them up to date. Also, it is crucial to dress appropriately in the workplace as it can surely have an impact on the respective colleagues. Good manners and respecting other is always expected out of an employee in the workplace. Therefore, try not coming late and taking unnecessary leaves. While dealing with the superiors, you should portray a posi tive attitude and deal professionally. Mostly clothing describes a person and people judge them on the basis of their clothing, attitudes and they way they behave with people. However, when I am properly dressed in the workplace, it also acts as a confidence boost. Corporate world has a strict dress code and it always acts as a performance boost. As corporate life requires people with confidence, good personality, hygiene and well networking, dressing up sharply always teach a responsibility sense to life. Human resource department of any company deals with the people within the particular organization. However, a recent report states that only 2% of employees are happy with the outcome of the company. A 2014 study also reveals that 72% of the employees do not bring the bullying under the attention of the superiors and 20% of them take positive steps against bullying. The human resource manager is supposed to take effective steps to control such behaviour within the workplace and it should have a policy with the zero tolerance of such behaviour like bullying, and need to proceed further. Therefore human resource managers are supposed to communicate with the employees and check on their job roles. If there is any kind of conflict they should ensure that the problem is solved in no time. The relationships in the workplace need to be tackled in a respectful and professional way. Socializing with the colleagues can build a strong relationship amongst them, but it is necessary to understand that it would not be a very good idea to have the work friends as the only friends in life. These workplace relationships can be of different types like, co-workers, vendors, investors, consumers and the executives. A good networking is always recommended in the group meetings, corporate events and the social functions; it allows the people to know each other in the professional world. Therefore it is always significant to be friendly towards others and treat people in a good way. Especially in a corporate world the attitude and behaviour of the employees as it reflects the company back in a negative or a positive way. If there is any kind of dispute, it is recommended to sort is own immediately. It builds up a collaborative relationship amongst the employees and reduces the conflict ing issues and encourages more communication. According to () it helps to build trust among the people in the work place. It also encourages a good vibes in the organization. For instance, people with similar interests should put in one team, so that they can prow a relationship on the basis of that. Conclusion There is a strong need for the professional and personal life balance in todays life as people are having higher goals and expectations in order to reach the ultimate point. Understanding the negative and positive stress can be quite helpful to figure out what exactly to do in a situation. As we all are accountable for our own deeds, therefore it should be checked before doing something of it has a possibility of hurting others. From the above discussion, it can be derived that management and organizational roles play an important part in the regular life while balancing the work and social life balance. Therefore the above mentioned are also significant to the need of our lives and what exactly to remember in the social life situations. It should also be noted that communication is the key of an everlasting relationship as well. Bibliography Botvin, G.J. and Griffin, K.W., 2014. Life skills training: Preventing substance misuse by enhancing individual and social competence.New directions for youth development,2014(141), pp.57-65. Goldstein, M.R., Lewis, G.F., Newman, R., Brown, J.M., Bobashev, G., Kilpatrick, L., Seppl, E.M., Fishbein, D.H. and Meleth, S., 2016. Improvements in well-being and vagal tone following a yogic breathing-based life skills workshop in young adults: Two open-trial pilot studies.International journal of yoga,9(1), p.20. national Research Council, 2013.Education for life and work: Developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century. National Academies Press. Segl, J.W., Chipman, S.F. and Glaser, R., 2014.Thinking and learning skills: Volume 1: relating instruction to research. Routle

Dominant Culture in America free essay sample

A dominant culture is one that is able through economic or political power, to impose its values, language and ways of behaving on a subordinate culture or cultures. This may be achieved by monopolizing the media and means of communication.? I would say the dominant culture in America is the pop culture. Pop culture influences the way we dress and even the way we talk. A lot of young people talk with slang words that their grandparents wouldn’t even understand. Pop culture affects everything we do, even the way we learn. We now have all these computers and gadgets to assist us in learning. Communicating with each other has been made so simple. We are constantly in touch with each other through Facebook and Twitter. Cellphones and texting make talking to one another so convenient. There is even a new written text language. Through computers and the internet, with the push of a button we can communicate with the whole world. We will write a custom essay sample on Dominant Culture in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pop culture rules through the media, we are constantly bombarded by a generalized idea of how we should be, and how we should act. The media leads people to think they should look a certain way or act a certain way even though they don’t necessarily want to or feel comfortable doing so. Young people, women especially feel the need to be a certain weight or wear a specific size. Pop culture has even influenced diet. There are many diet fads that become quite popular, such as the Atkins diet, that people turn to and try in order to change their physical body to meet the popular standard. On the flip side of diet, pop culture has even influenced what we eat in a negative way. Pop star endorsed fast food restaurants have made picking up food so appealing and so easy that many Americans have become overweight. We are so numb to the fact that pop culture is leading our lives whether we want it to or not. The popular culture is a dominant culture due to the fact that it overpowers other cultural values and behaviors in America today.

Casablanca Essays - English-language Films, Casablanca, Films

Casablanca In choosing the movie Casablanca, I looked forward to re-aquatinting myself with a wonderful old classic Noir film. I wanted to know more about this film for a better understanding of the plot and symbolism, as well as the powerful mystique behind the film that has made Casablanca so enduring. Casablanca (1942), a review by Damian Cannon, movie review UK 1998, provided the following information: Amidst the Second World War the African City of Casablanca becomes the backdrop for Rick's Caf? (where everybody goes), as well as the many dispossessed refugees, black marketers, and a variety of colorful characters, when resistance fighter Victor Laszlo enters the scene. The plot thickens and tension becomes palpable. Accompanied by his beautiful wife Ilsa (Rick Blaines' ex-lover), Laszlo soon finds himself immersed in the seamy underworld of Casablanca, and the constant menace of the Nazi occupation with Rick's Caf? as the only neutral focal point. As the movie draws to a conclusion Rick (Humphrey Bogart) is forced to take a moral stand which leads to an interesting ending, with unexpected twists. Based on the play, ?Everybody Comes to Rick's?, Casablanca was written by Murray Burnett, and directed by Michael Curtiz. Along with Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine, and Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Laszlo; Casablanca boasts a stellar cast among them; Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo, Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault, Peter Lorre as Ugarte, and Sydney Greenstreet as Senor' Ferrari. It is noted that the movie classic one-line comments are still somewhat of a mystery, in that its appeal remains so strong more than fifty years later! I found Mr. Cannon's review of Casablanca to be clear and concise. A quick overview of the Casablanca plot is meshed smoothly with interesting and lesser-known information concerning the behind the scenes directing from Mr. Curtiz. Mr. Cannon shows excellent insight into Casablanca's more prominent characters, and a good understanding of the movies plot and symbolism. I agree with Damian Cannon's question and puzzlement as to why Casablanca has remained so appealing through so many decades. No one working on the movie planned on making a classic, and yet Casablanca has endured. Is it the wonderful one-liners, Humphrey Bogart's hard-boiled persona, or maybe the chemistry between Rick and Ilsa? Personally, I enjoyed the continuous ebb and flow of humanity in Rick's Caf? and the wonderful ongoing atmosphere. In conclusion, my understanding of Casablanca has increased, with greater appreciation for the central characters, and the plot that developed around them. ?Here's looking at you ki d? now takes on a whole new meaning! Movies and Cinema Essays

Social Welfare Policy essays

Social Welfare Policy essays Ladies and Gentlemen, as our attention has been increasingly drawn toward the international arena, our president and his administration have conveniently avoided addressing issues that actually affect your daily lives. As a result, many of us have become complacent about such important domestic policy issues as social welfare. We have conveniently forgotten about the millions of homeless, jobless, and poverty-stricken Americans who live next door to us, instead worrying about overblown threats to national security. Well, I am here to remind you that many of the social services you rely on are in jeopardy. Your fellow citizens, your neighbors, even your friends and family members are suffering while the wallets of corporate bigwigs are being stuffed with your taxpayer dollars. Even those of you who do not rely on any governmental or outside assistance know that social services are necessary for the kind of egalitarian and just society that our founding fathers envisioned. The conservatives in power would like to sidetrack the importance of social services. They hope that blinding the public will enable them to funnel public monies directly into the doffers of big business and special interest groups. Focusing on Iraq has given President Bush the ability to fool the public into thinking that everything is alright on the home front. Well, nothing could be farther from the truth. It's time we voters woke up, smelled the coffee, and realize once again how integral social services and The conservatives would have you believe that welfare is outdated, that it does nothing to alleviate poverty and that it only encourages laziness or even the degeneration of society. These politicians and businessmen, most of whom live high on the hog, would like to deny the poor, the disenfranchised, and all marginalized members of society access to public funds. These politicians are overtly deny...

Adaptation & Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Adaptation & Accountability - Essay Example data, but as far as the number of healthcare organizations in private sector grows faster than that of public sector, they become the leaders of the technological revolution. ‘The new health care delivery organizations should save money by concentrating their purchasing power, enforcing strict cost controls, and implementing programs to standardize medical practices’. (Laubach, 1997) The Duke University Medical Center needed a modern database to track the free space information, as it includes three different hospitals and several laboratories, and thus having correct space information is the key element of the robust healthcare delivery. ‘We considered how we could reconcile our databases with that of Accounting’s System, which include supporting the indirect cost recovery studies, with the daily business of the Medical Center.’ (Graf, 1998) The absence of a good database in any healthcare organization might even indirectly lead to its closing, and much has already been said about it. Any organization needs the ability to adapt to the changing environment, as it is always influenced by the limited resources and increasing competition. (Laubach, 1997) Only a few organizations are able to develop a strong plan of adaptation through looking for opportunities of modernizing their techniques and making marketing strategies work effectively. Duke Medical System was mainly concentrated on the issue of information technologies, and at present time there is no argument, that information technologies play major role in any business activity. Duke Medical Center was able to provide the system of interactive planning, which implies, that the company’s activity is aimed at inner adaptation together with the adaptation to the external environment. This healthcare organization does not ground its activity on the intuition of its financial and administrative managers, which had lead many companies towards their closing. The present strategy of Duke is created

Trademark Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trademark - Assignment Example Identifying trademark-offending companies is not an easier task. This is because it can only be done by technologically advanced modes of comparing the quality of the products of the same company’s logos by the consumers. Dinwoodie and Janis (2008) note that trademark-offending companies have been on the rise, which has either increased or reduced the costs associated with various goods and services (Dinwoodie & Janis 2008). This calls for the identification of the complaints consumers raise about trademark-offending companies to reduce the increasingly burdensome business domains in the analgesics and financial market structures. An email, like written letters, merits copyrights protection. Copying and forwarding emails violates a sender’s copyrights with a prima facie case for copyright infringement. This issue can only be mitigated through a well-established cyber-crime control laws (Dinwoodie & Janis, 2008). In conclusion, consumers are more likely to face challenges in establishing the origin, sponsorship or the approval of the gripe site created by the trademark-offending companies due to lack of a better understanding of the original companies’ logos. Customers usually confuse counterfeit logos with the original companies’ symbols. Therefore, they should also not be blamed for tarnishing the company’s name. Additionally, they cannot be held responsible by the Federal Trademark Dilution act as they do these actions only as patriotic citizens and concerned

Evaluating Two Middle Range Theories Nursing Essay

Evaluating Two Middle Range Theories Nursing Essay The purpose of this paper is to evaluate two middle range theories abilities to test the concept of comfort for the practice question Do neonatal nurses who care for dying infants who attend an end of life care educational training program compared to neonatal nurses who do not attend the program experience a difference in comfort levels (Comfort Level for Caring for Dying Infants (CLCDI)) when caring for a dying infant? A summary of two middle range theories the Comfort Theory (Kolcaba, 1994) and the Theory of Self-Efficacy (Resnick, xxxx) will be summarized and then critiqued using Smith and Liehrs (xxxx) Framework for Evaluating Middle Range Theory. The discussion will conclude with a summary of strengths and weakness of the theories and a research hypothesis to reflect that reflects the most appropriate theories conceptual definitions and propositions. Introduction Background Despite nurses as frontline caregivers for dying patients and their families many nurses have identified that they struggle with the responding adequately to the emotional devastation to parents and siblings when caring for a neonate with an unresolved terminal condition (Frommet, 1991). With the advances in neonatal care and life sustaining treatments, sick and very preterm infants do not often die in utero, at birth, or shortly after birth, but instead they often live much longer in a healthcare paradigm of comfort care and dignified death. This relatively new emersion of the end of life model integrates a more holistic approach which considers a more comprehensive view of the patients needs (emotional, spiritual, and medical) (Mallory, 2002; Mallory, 2003; WHO, 2002). With this paradigm shift, health care professionals are obligated to assess the adequacy of their own knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about death and dying. Multiple studies regarding nurses preparation for dealing with death and dying have consistently found that nurses that nurses do not feel educationally prepared to care for dying patients and insist that healthcare professionals should receive additional education on end of life care to bridge the deficit gap (Frommet, 1991; Robinson, 2004; White, Coyne, Patel, 2001; Beckstrand, Callister, Kirchhoff, 2006). These findings have led to a further observation that nurses caring for these complex patients regularly experience moral distress from competing principles of their personal, collegial, organizational, and religious/spiritual ethics (Frommet, 1991). Practice Problem To help ease this moral distress an evidence based end-of -life educational training program for NICU nurses has been successfully implemented in several neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to increase the nurses comfort level of caring for neonates and their families at the end of life (Bagbi, Rogers, Gomez, McMahon, 2008). To determine if an evidence based end of life educational program impacts nurses comfort levels in caring for dying infants and their families a question was developed using the population (P) intervention (I) compared to (C) outcome (O) format (Newhouse, Dearhold, 1997). The following discussion will focus on this PICO question Do neonatal nurses who care for dying infants who attend an end of life care educational training program compared to neonatal nurses who do not attend the program experience a difference in comfort levels (Comfort Level for Caring for Dying Infants (CLCDI)) when caring for a dying infant? During the intervention a monthly 1 hour, neo natal end of life education program will be conducted over a 6 month period of time based on research about what nurses would like to know about caring for a dying infant (Robinson, 2004). For the purpose of this problem, comfort is defined as the ability of the NICU nurse(s) to show adequate knowledge and skills in providing neonatal end of life care for dying babies and their families. For this problem comfort will be measured as a score on the ordinal scale of Comfort Level Caring for Dying Infants (CLCDI). The instrument consisting of 15 items, measured on a 5 point Likert type scale equates scores of 1=never; 2=rarely; 3=sometimes; 4=often, 5=always measures the level of comfort a NICU nurse has caring for dying infants as opposed to their perception toward pediatric or neonatal end of life care (Bagbi, Rogers, Gomez, and McMahon, 2008). In evaluating the score, the higher the reported score the greater level of comfort NICU nurses have in caring for dying babies. Testing the Concept of Comfort A portion of Kolbacas (1991) Theory of Comfort and Resnicks (2008) Theory of Self-Efficacy, two middle range theories, will be used to test the concept of comfort for providing an organizing structure. Based on previous studies about nurses comfort when caring for patients, propositions five and six of Kolbacas Theory of Comfort seem to be a promising fit for this problem (Kolbaca, 1991, Kolbaca, XXX). These propositions collectively propose that patients, nurses, and other members of the healthcare team agree upon desirable and realistic health seeking behaviors (HSBs) and if enhanced comfort is achieved, patients, family members, and/or nurses are strengthened to engage in HSBs, comfort is further enhanced (Kolbaca, 1991). However, comfort as defined conceptually in this case as knowledge and skill can alternatively be equated with a sense of competence or self-efficacy of the NICU nurse to care for a dying infant and their family. There are many examples in the nursing literature linking self-efficacy to knowledge and skill (xxxx, xxxxx).) Self-efficacy, knowledge, and skills are also central to Banduras theory, which is the basis for Resnicks (xxxx) Self-Efficacy theory. Self-efficacy as described in Resnicks (xxxx) Theory of Self-Efficacy for this context is described as the judgment about the nurses ability to organize and execute a course of action required to attain designated types of performances. The theory states that perceived self-efficacy, defined as the individuals judgment of his or her capabilities to organize and execute courses of action, is a determinant of performance (Resnick, xxxx). Self-efficacy beliefs provide the foundation for human motivation, well-being, and personal accomplishment (Resnick, xxxx). According to Resnick (XXXX) theory individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy for a specific behavior (caring for a dying infant) are more likely to attempt that behavior. There are many examples in the literature using the Theory o f Self-Efficacy to support nursing education interventions (xxxxx, xxxxx). For these reasons, Resnicks Theory of Self-Efficacy (xxx) will be used to test the concept of nurses comfort or knowledge and skill (self-efficacy) in caring for dying infants and their families. The purpose of the following discussion is to summarize, describe, analyze, and evaluate these theories using the Framework for the Evaluation of Middle Range Theories (Smith, 2008) and conclude with a synthesis and research hypothesis to reflect conceptual definitions and propositions of the theory with the best fit. Theory Summaries: Comfort and Self-Efficacy Kolcabas Comfort Theory The Comfort Theory is a humanistic, holistic, patient need based nursing derived middle range theory (Kolbaca, xxxx). The concept of comfort has had a historic and consistent presence in nursing. In the early 1900s , comfort was considered to be a goal for both nursing and medicine, as it was believed that comfort led to recovery (McIlveen Morse, 1995). Over time comfort has become an increasingly minor focus, at times reserved only for those patients for whom no further medical treatment options are available (McIlveen Morse, 1995). The term comfort is used as a noun (comforter), adjective (comforting), verb (to comfort), or adverb (comfort the patient) (xxx). It is also used as a negative (absence of discomfort), neutral (ease), or positive (hope inspiring). Webster (1990) defines comfort as relief from distress; to soothe in sorrow or distress; a person or thing that comforts; a state of ease and quiet enjoyment free from worry; anything that makes life easy; and the lessening of misery or grief by calming or inspiring with hope. The origin of comfort is confortrare which means to strengthen greatly(Kolcaba, 1992). Based on the diversity of these terms comfort is a complex term. Kolcabas (1991) concept analysis of comfort helped to clarify the role of comfort as a holistic concept for nursing. This review confirmed that comfort is a positive concept and is associated with activities that nurture and strengthen patients (David, 2002). Over a period of years and revisions Kolcaba (1994) developed the comfort the ory which continues to evolve and change with changes as recent as 2007 (Figure 2). Kolcaba (1994, 2001, 2003) has defined comfort as the immediate state of being strengthened through having the human needs for relief, ease, and transcendence addressed in four contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental). The terms relief, ease, and transcendence are types of comfort that occur physically and mentally (Figure 2). The terms are defined based on definitions from medicine, theology, ergonomics, psychology, and nursing (Kolcaba Kolcaba, 1991). Relief is the state of having a discomfort mitigated or alleviated. Ease is the absence of specific discomforts. Transcendence is the ability to rise above discomforts when they cannot be eradicated or avoided (e.g., the child feels confident about ambulation although (s)he knows it will exacerbate pain). Transcendence, as a type of comfort, accounts for its strengthening property and reminds nurses to never give up helping their children and family members feel comforted. Interventions for increasing transcendence can be targeted to improving the environment, increasing social support, or providing reassurance. The three types of comfort occur in four contexts of experience: physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental. These contexts were derived from an extensive review of the nursing literature on holism (Kolcaba, 1992). When the three types of comfort are juxtaposed with the four contexts of experience, a 12-cell grid is created, which is called a taxonomic structure (TS) (Figure 1) . Taken together, these cells represent all relevant aspects (defining attributes) of comfort for nursing and demonstrate the holistic nature of comfort as an important goal of care. All comfort needs can be placed somewhere on the taxonomic structure, and the cells are not mutually exclusive. A sample pediatric case study using the TS as a guide for a holistic comfort assessment is demonstrated below (see Figure 1). The concepts for the middle range for Comfort Theory include comfort needs, comfort interventions, intervening variables, enhanced comfort, health-seeking behaviors, and institutional integrity (Kolcaba, 1994). All of these concepts are relative to patients, families, and nurses (Kolcaba, 2003; Kolcaba, Tilton, Drouin, 2006). There are eight propositions which link the above concepts together. All or parts of the Comfort Theory can be tested for research (Peterson Bredow, 2010). In the comfort theory, Kolcaba asserts that when healthcare needs of a patient are appropriately assessed and proper nursing interventions carried out to address those needs, taking into account variables intervening in the situation, the outcome is enhanced patient comfort over time (Kolcaba, 2007). Once comfort is enhanced, the patient is likely to increase health-seeking behaviors. These behaviors may be internal to the patient (eg, wound healing or improved oxygenation), external to the patient (eg, active participation in rehabilitation exercises), or a peaceful death. Furthermore, Kolcaba asserted that when a patient experiences health-seeking behaviors, the integrity of the institution is subsequently increased because the increase in health-seeking behaviors will result in improved outcomes. Increased institutional integrity lends itself to the development and implementation of best practices and best policies secondary to the positive outcomes experienced by patients (Kolcab a, 2007). To translate the concepts to practice the effectiveness of a holistic intervention can be targeted to the taxonomic structure for enhancing comfort in a specific patient, family, or nurse population over time. Holistic comfort is defined as the immediate experience of being strengthened through having the needs for relief, ease, and transcendence met in four contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental).The comfort theory has been operationalized in many research settings with a variety of patient and target populations ranging from end of life care to the comfort of nurses (xxxx). Resnick Theory of Self-Efficacy Self efficacy is described as a way to organize an individuals judgment of his or her capability to execute a course of action. The Theory of Self-efficacy states that self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations are not only influenced by behavior, but also verbal encouragement, reflective thinking, physiological sensations and role or self-modeling (Bandura, 1995).. Through self evaluation an individual judges their capability to perform and established self expectations which is visually depicted in the conceptual model (Appendix 2) (Resnick, 2008). Resnicks Theory of Self Efficacy is based on Banduras social cognitive theory and conceptualizes person-behavior-environment as triadic reciprocity the foundation for reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1977, 1986). Most of the research into self-efficacy beliefs among older adults has been quantitative and has consistently supported the influence of those beliefs on behavior. However, it has not been established how efficacy beliefs actually influence motivation in older adults, or what sources of efficacy-enhancing information help strengthen those beliefs. Kolcabas Comfort Theory: Description, Analysis, and Evaluation Theory Description Historical context. The Comfort Theory is a humanistic, holistic, patient need based nursing derived middle range theory (Kolbaca, xxxx). The concept of comfort has had a historic and consistent presence in nursing. In the early 1900s , comfort was considered to be a goal for both nursing and medicine, as it was believed that comfort led to recovery (McIlveen Morse, 1995). Over time comfort has become an increasingly minor focus, at times reserved only for those patients for whom no further medical treatment options are available (McIlveen Morse, 1995). The term comfort is used as a noun (comforter), adjective (comforting), verb (to comfort), or adverb (comfort the patient) (xxx). It is also used as a negative (absence of discomfort), neutral (ease), or positive (hope inspiring). Webster (1990) defines comfort as relief from distress; to soothe in sorrow or distress; a person or thing that comforts; a state of ease and quiet enjoyment free from worry; anything that makes life easy; and the lessening of misery or grief by calming or inspiring with hope. The origin of comfort is confortrare which means to strengthen greatly(Kolcaba, 1992). Based on the diversity of these terms comfort is a complex term. Kolcabas (1991) concept analysis of comfort helped to clarify the role of comfort as a holistic concept for nursing. This review confirmed that comfort is a positive concept and is associated with activities that nurture and strengthen patients (David, 2002). Over a period of years and revisions Kolcaba (1994) developed the comfort the ory which continues to evolve and change with changes as recent as 2007 (Figure 2). Structural Components. Assumptions. Kolcabas Theory of Comfort (1994) makes four basic assumptions about reality. She assumes that humans beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli; comfort is a desirable holistic state that is germane to the discipline of nursing; human beings actively strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs, and that comfort is more than the absence of pain, anxiety, and other physical discomforts (Kolcaba , 2009). Concepts. Kolcaba defines six concepts of comfort which are relative to patients, families, and nurses (Table 1) . The term family, as defined by Kolcaba (2003) encompasses significant others as determined by the patient (Kolcaba, 2003; Kolcaba, Tilton Drouin, 2006). The first concept is of comfort needs which is the relief/ease/transcendence in physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural and environmental contexts of human experience. Comfort interventions in the model are defined as interventions of the health care team specifically targeting comfort of the patient, family and nurses. Intervening variables are positive or negative factors over which the health care team has little control, including physical limitations of the hospital or patients home, cultural influences, socioeconomic factors, prognosis, concurrent medical or psychological conditions. Health-seeking behaviors are those behaviors of patient, family or nurses (conscious or unconscious) which promote well-being; may b e internal, external or towards promoting a peaceful death. The final concept, institutional integrity, added in most recently, are values, financial stability and wholeness of health care facilities at the local state or national levels. Propositions. To help test the concept of nurses comfort caring for dying infants, propositions five and six of Kolcabas comfort theory are examined. These propositions state that patients, nurses, and other members of the healthcare team agree upon desirable and realistic health seeking behaviors (HSBs) (five) and if enhanced comfort is achieved, patients, family members, and/or nurses are strengthened to engage in HSBs, which further enhances comfort (six). These propositions provide rationale for why nurses and other health care professionals should focus on the patient, family, or in this case the nurses comfort beyond altruistic reasons. Because health seeking behaviors include internal and external behaviors almost any health-related outcome important in a healthcare setting can be classified as a health seeking behavior (Peterson Bredow, 2010). The desirable and realistic health seeking behavior (HSB) for this study is nurses comfort (knowledge and skills) to relieve moral di stress in caring for a dying infant and their family. Several studies support that moral and other types of distress are frequently observed in nurses who care for dying infants (Frommet, 1991) and most importantly indicate that nurses are seeking education regarding patient end of life issues (XXXXX). It is believed that reducing this distress and frustration can be affected through an effective end of life educational programs and is likely to improve the knowledge and skills nurses need to help increase their comfort level in caring for dying infants (xxxxx). Functional Components. Visualizing the concepts in the conceptual model, the Theory Analysis and Evaluation To analyze and evaluate Kolcabas Comfort Theory (1994) the substantive foundation, structural integrity, and functional adequacy of the theory using Smith and Liehrs (2008) Framework for the Evaluation of Middle Range Theories is discussed below (Appendix 1). Substantive foundations. Assessing the substantive foundation of a middle range theory is based on four criteria (Smith, 2003). The first criterion evaluates whether the theory is within the focus of the discipline of nursing. Kolcabas comfort theory successfully addresses four concepts comprising the metaparadigm of nursing, defining the concepts as they correspond to the theory (Dowd, 2002; Kolbaca, 2007) as well as presents a diagram of how the Comfort Theory relates theoretically to other nursing concepts (Figure 2) (Kolcaba, 1994) . Nursing is described as the process of assessing the patients comfort needs, developing and implementing appropriate nursing interventions, and evaluating patient comfort following nursing interventions. Person is described as the recipient of nursing care; the patient may be an individual, family, institution, or community. Environment is considered to be the external surroundings of the patient and can be manipulated to increase patient comfort. Fi nally, health is viewed as the optimum functioning of the patient as they define it. The ability of the framework to suggest interventions that help guide nursing interventions to increase comfort supports the discipline of nursing, and in doing so meeting the first criteria. The second criterion evaluates whether the assumptions are specified and congruent with the focus. The four assumptions in the Comfort Theory are explicitly stated and so meet the second criteria. Comfort theory (xxxx) assumes that humans beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli; comfort is a desirable holistic state that is germane to the discipline of nursing; human beings actively strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs, and that comfort is more than the absence of pain, anxiety, and other physical discomforts (Kolcaba , 2009). Because the Comfort Theory (XXXX) substantially describes the concept of comfort at the middle range level of discourse, the third criterion of the substantive foundation is met. Kolcabas (1991) concept analysis of comfort helped to clarify the role of comfort as a holistic concept for nursing. This review confirmed that comfort is a positive concept and is associated with activities that nurture and strengthen patients (David, 2002). The Comfort Theory provides an excellent description, explanation, and interpretation of the comfort concept in multiple domains and practice settings. Comfort theory is at the middle range level in that is defined in a measurable way and can be operationalized in both research and practice settings. The final criterion for this category evaluates if the origins are rooted in practice and research experience. The Comfort Theory has been used in numerous practice and research settings to provide a framework where patients have comfort needs and enhancing their comfort is valued. It has also been used to enhance working environments, especially for nurses, and most recently as a framework for working toward national institutional recognitions. More specifically parts are all of the theory have been used to test the effectiveness of holistic interventions for increasing comfort (xxxxxxx), to demonstrate the correlation between comfort and subsequent HSBs (xxxxx) and to relate HSBs to desirable institutional outcomes. It has also been used as a framework for helping families make difficult decisions about end of life (xxxxx). International and national healthcare institutions have also used Comfort Theory to enhance the work environment for nurses (xxxx). In these cases, nurses comfo rt is of interest and is theoretically related to the integrity of the institution. Summarize specific studies and tools used here. Structural integrity. There are four criterion for evaluating structural integrity. The first criterion is that the concepts are well defined. The concepts (defined above) of comfort needs, comfort interventions, intervening variables, enhanced comfort, health-seeking behaviors, and institutional integrity are clearly defined and easy to understand. There are numerous examples of applying the concepts in the literature for further clarification (xxxxx). The second criterion of structural integrity is that concepts within the theory are at the middle range level of abstraction. The concepts of the Comfort Theory-comfort needs, comfort interventions, intervening variables, enhanced comfort, health seeking behaviors, and institutional integrity are near the same level on the ladder of abstraction at the middle range level. They are more concrete because they can and have been operationalized and measured (xxxxx). The third criterion of structural integrity is that there are no more concepts than needed to explain the phenomena. Overall, the concepts adequately explain the phenomena of comfort. The theory is synthesized and organized in a simple manner. Lastly, the fourth criterion evaluates whether the concepts and relationships among the concepts are logically presented with a model. In the Comfort Theory (1994) model the ideas are integrated to create an understanding of the whole phenomenon of comfort in a model. The Comfort Theory (1994) model is a great example of presenting the concepts and statements in a linear logical order so the appreciation of the theory can be recognized (Smith, 2003). Functional adequacy. Because the criterion for functional adequacy overlap somewhat the five criterion will be discussed collectively. The five criterion include: theory can be applied to a variety of practice environments and clients; empirical indicators have been identified; published examples exist of research and theory in practice; and that the theory has evolved through scholarly inquiry. The Comfort Theory easily meets all of these criterions. For example, the Comfort Theory has been used widely in a variety of research in practice settings and patient and family populations. Even though the Comfort Theory has been used most widely with patients and families at the end of life and surrounding holistic palliative care nursing interventions, there has been a broad application of the theory in other populations as well including mothers in labor (xxxx), Alzheimer patients (xxxx), pediatric intensive care unit patients and families (xxxx), patients on bedrest (xxxx), those underg oing radiation therapy (xxxx) and for infants comfort and pain (xxxx). Most recently research of using the theory in practice has expanded to support institutional nursing recognition and comfort in the nursing working environment. In each of the populations mentioned above a psychometric comfort instrument has been developed as empirical indicators of concepts in the theory. However, the empirical indicators extend beyond empiricism and some include perceptions, self reports, observable behaviors and biological indicators (Ford-Gibloe, Campbell, Berman, 1995; Reed, 1995). The Comfort Theory (1994) has also been revised with the latest revision in 2007. The empirical adequacy of the Comfort Theory is evidence of the maturity of this theory (Smith, 2003). Summary The Comfort Theory (1994) is a well defined and well tested theory. Its strength lies in the versatility, adaptability, and testability of the concepts. The comfort theory clearly defines the concepts in the theory and the relationship between them. Because the comfort theory meets most of the substantitive foundations, structural integrity, and functional adequacy criteria the Comfort Theory (1994) is a strong middle range theory. An area that could increase the generalizability especially for nursing institutions is a change in the term in the model of nursing interventions to comfort interventions (xxxxx). Resnicks Self-Efficacy Theory: Description, Analysis, and Evaluation Theory Description Historical context. Resnicks Theory of Self Efficacy is based on Banduras social cognitive theory and conceptualizes person-behavior-environment as triadic reciprocity the foundation for reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1977, 1986). The cognitive appraisal of these factors results in a perception of a level of confidence in the individuals ability to perform a certain behavior. The positive performance of this behavior reinforces self-efficacy expectations (Bandura, 1995). Structural Components. Although it is not explicitly stated, the core of this theory assumes that people can consciously change and develop or control their behavior. This is important to the proposition that self-efficacy also can be changed or enhanced through reflective thought, general knowledge, skills to perform a specific behavior, and self influence. This perspective is rooted in the model of triadic reciprocality (foundation for reciprocal determinism) in which personal determinants (self-efficacy), environmental conditions (treatment conditions) and action (practice) are mutually interactive influences. Therefore, improving performance depends on changing some of these influences (Bandura, 1977). In order to determine self-efficacy an individual must have the opportunity for self evaluation to evaluate how likely it is he or she can achieve a given level of performance. Concepts. The two major components of self efficacy include self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations (Table 2). Self-efficacy expectations are judgments about the personal ability to accomplish a given task. Outcome expectations are judgments about what will happen if a given task is accomplished. These two components are differentiated because individuals can believe a certain behavior will result in a specific outcome, however, they may not believe they are capable of performing the behavior required for the outcome to occur (Bandura 1977, 1986). For example, a NICU nurse may believe attending an end of life education series will increase his/her knowledge and skill and ease moral distress, but may not believe that they could provide sensitive care for some ethical, religious, or moral reason. It is generally anticipated, but not always realistic that self-efficacy will have a positive impact on behavior. There are times when self-efficacy will have no or a negative impa ct on performance (Vancouver, Thomspon, Williams, 2001). Bandura (1977, 1986, 1997) suggests that outcome expectations are based largely on the individuals self-efficacy expectations, which generally depend on their judgment about how well they can perform the behavior; can be disassociated with self-efficacy expectations; and are partially separable from self-efficacy judgments when extrinsic outcomes are fixed. Because the outcomes an individual expects are the results of the judgments about what he or she can accomplish, they are unlikely to contribute to predictions of behavior (Bandura, 1977). Judgments about ones self-efficacy is based on four informational sources including enactive attainment, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and physiological state. The first source, enactive attainment, or the actual performance of a behavior has been described as the most influential source of self-efficacy information (Bandura, 1986,; Bandura Adams, 1977). There has been repeated empirical evidence that actually performing an activity strengthens self-efficacy beliefs due to informational sources (Bandura, 1995). The second source, vicarious experience or visualizing other similar people perform a behavior, also influence self-efficacy (Bandura, Adams, Hardy, Howells, 1980). Conditions that impact vicarious experience include amount of exposure or experience to the behavior (least experience causes greater impact) and amount of instruction given (influence of others is greater with unclear guidelines) (Resnick Galik, 2006). Another source verbal persuasion or exhortation i nvolves telling an individual he or she has the capabilities to master the given behavior. Verbal encouragement from a trusted, credible source in counseling or education form has been used alone to strengthen efficacy expectations (Castro, King, Brassington, 2001; Hitunen et al. 2005; Moore et al., 2006; Resnick, Simpson, et al., 2006). The final information source physiological feedback or state during a behavior can be important in relation to coping with stressors, health functioning, and physical accomplishments. Interventions can be used to alter the interpretation of physiological feedback and help individuals cope with physical sensations, enhancing self efficacy and resulting in improved performance (Bandura Adams, 1977). Propositions. To help test the concept of nurses comfort caring for dying infants,